International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global law - Essay Example Notwithstanding presence of the political, worldwide and regional contrasts the entire world is considered as a worldwide town and such idea for the most part improves the possibility of all inclusive fraternity. Simultaneously with regards to exchange, social intercourse, the possibility of globalization has a significant influence. In this setting it needs referencing that regardless of how much the globalization perspective appears to be sure and impeccable and yet it incorporates a few lacunas. In this worldwide society likewise the better countries are finding an open door than demonstrate their hostility, to perpetrate severe methodologies towards different countries, their kin and their economy. The pace of wrongdoing has additionally expanded, as it were, and the majority of the crook, subsequent to carrying out the criminal deeds escape to different countries to look for cover. As authoritative arrangement of a specific country doesn't have the ability to practice the hold o ver different locales, the dread of being gotten is decreased, as it were, for those hoodlums. Simultaneously monetary hostility is likewise taking a ruthless shape. As per present day global arrangements in the post World War II circumstance it has not been workable for the countries to misrepresent the intensity of governmental issues to communicate their imperialistic mindset. In this manner, those countries have received the methodology of financial animosity through which a better country can appreciate monetary hold over the other country through exchange relationship. Along these lines, the significance has likewise been acknowledged by lawful researchers that there must be a restrictions that forestall one country to become destruction over the other. These are a portion of the common circumstance; rather issues at the universal level that created the development of this new order of legitimate ward: International Law. Legitimate and researchers of law have endeavored to give meaning of the International Law in various

Narrative of Fredrick Douglas essays

Story of Fredrick Douglas articles This book was truly intriguing to me The Narrative Of Fredrick Douglas. It was about his life and how he needed to escape from bondage. He was sold and exchanged to a wide range of manors. He actually never realized his own age. At the point when he was conceived he was seperated from his mother and his entire family. His dad was white however he never observed him, individuals disclosed to him that his father was a slave proprietor. While he was experiencing childhood with the ranch he saw individuals getting whipped for a considerable length of time. At the point when he was offered to Balitimore a woman there showed him how to peruse and compose. At that point when he got more established he beginning showing other dark individuals how to peruse and compose. He was the main slave that would retaliate to there slave proprietor. Once he was severly beat up on the grounds that the slave proprietor heard that he needed to get away. At the point when he ran away toward the north, he begin conversing with individuals of how it is was being a slave. At that point he turned into a teacher about bondage. He was the one in particular that needed to figure out how to peruse, and he was the one in particular that retaliated at his slaveowners. I respect him for what he did. He was additionally the main slave that truly needed to escape from his manor and head out toward the north. After he got away from bondage and took off north, he told individuals how it was there on the estate, and dark individuals were being whipped what's more, beaten for quite a long time. All the individuals respected Fredrick Douglas for what he did. He truly let individuals know how it was being a slave. ... <! Story of Fredrick Douglas papers The fierceness that slaves suffered structure their lords and from the organization of servitude made slaves be denied their inherent rights. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass can show the mental fight between the white slave holders and their dark slaves, which is appeared by Douglass own scholarly battles against his white slave holders. I will concentrate on how training permitted Douglass to see how subjection wasn't right, and how the Americans saw the blacks as not equivalent, and just appropriate for slave work. I will likewise differentiate how Douglass see was fundamentally the same as that of the ladies in America, and the job that Christianity played in his life as a slave and afterward as a liberated person. The epic plainly shows the childrens carnal conduct when they were definitely not consistently allowanced. Douglass says, Our food was coarse corn dinner bubbled, which was called mush. It was placed into a huge wooden plate or trough, and set downward on the ground. The youngsters were then called, as such huge numbers of pigs, and like such a large number of pigs they would come what's more, eat up the mush; some with clam shells, others with bits of shingle, some with exposed hands, and none with spoons. He that ate quickest got most; he that was most grounded made sure about the best spot; and scarcely any left the trough fulfilled (Douglass 41-42). This unmistakably portrays how kids where treated like creatures and their failure to act in the way of a typical taught kid. Slave kids were denied numerous extravagances that other kids underestimated. The information on their birthday events was one of these extravagances. Douglass states, I have no exact information on my age, never having seen any genuine record containing it. By a wide margin the bigger piece of the slaves know as meager of their ages as ponies know about theirs, and it is the desire of most experts inside my insight to keep their slaves along these lines... <!

Psychological Research on Depression Experiment Case Study - Free Essay Example

This course paper will delve into a case study involving a woman who was selected from an experiment involving depression after showing a higher positive outcome from said experiment. The Individual used in this case study was a White British woman in her 50s named Theresa. She signed up for a computerized positive mental imagery training program that was being tested to see if it had any positive impact on an individuals depression. This individual has been described as having major depression for at least two years one specialist claimed, but she acknowledged that she has had recurrent depression for years dating back to her early 20s. Per the case study, the diagnostic interview revealed she suffered from various comorbidities such as; travel phobias, social phobias, general anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. All of which has been considered to contribute to her major depression diagnosis. She often feared as coming across as stupid in conversations with her peers, as well worrying often about her life such as her health, her job/debt and her daughters lives as well. She has also acknowledged that she drinks more than she should and has recently been taking less hours at work (in part to help take care of her mother with Alzheimers disease). She has tried medicines in the past but often rejected it saying medicine would not solve the problem. The diagnostic interview revealed key events told by Theresa that we can certainly say had some impact on her well-being now. We will use her symptoms as well as her past to interpret and analyze how other schools of thought would explain the etiology or the origins of her mental illness. The schools of thought that will be covered are psychodynamic, which is one of the earliest approaches to understanding the mind, and made famous by Sigmund Freud who fabricated theories which formed the psychodynamic path to psychology. Studying the role the unconscious plays on the mind, behavior and personality. Behavioral, initially studied by Ian Pavlov and soon after by John Watson; refers the study of behaviors that are learned through everyday life, and interactions with the world. And finally, biological, which can be dated back to Charles Darwin who believed in natural selection and based his theories on it. The biological school of thought specifically studies our genetics and evolution t o see what role they may play on our behavior, thoughts and feelings. We will first cover the psychodynamic school of thought. This school of thought is based primarily on the unconscious mind and how it affects personality. Some basics to cover are that the psychodynamic school of thought is based on the assumption that our past experiences have a strong influence on our behavior, feelings and even decisions, while hiding deep in the unconscious. Many who followed this theory believed early on that our personality can be affected and manipulated based on an individuals history, and that is something that can be said about Theresa. From a young age, she has had anxiety in social settings and was even physically assaulted at work leading to her post traumatic stress disorder. These disorders still affect her and from a psychodynamic view they would say that those past experiences lead her to a more isolated lifestyle. Shes afraid to be in conversations fearing a negative opinion of her from her peers. She also admitted that she had previous administrati ve jobs but recently started taking less hours at work. She admitted of an early social phobia that originated in her teens. Having less interaction with peers her age could possibly be the reason she choose to stay out of conversations and taking less hours at work later on in her life. Those negative feelings and thoughts possibly stayed in her unconscious and influenced how she behaves socially as an adult. As for the drinking, although she didnt admit to having a family history of alcohol dependence, she admitted she does drink more than she should, and it could be possible that she grew up around familys members who may have drank excessively; storing that information in the unconscious and later brining that trait out when she grew up whether she realized it or not. The behavioral school of thought has a slightly different interpretation as to why she may act and have the type of personality that she does. John Watson believed that we have to stop studying the mind in a way that we dont fully understand, he believed that our actions, feelings and behaviors can be directly linked our environment and the triggers that have an impact on individuals. Per the textbook, This approach emphasizes environmental effects on observable behavior. From a behavioral view, Theresas current lifestyle and behaviors have been determined by her reaction to her environment. Past positive experiences could led to possible positive future scenarios, but since shes had anxiety and various other disorders, its fair to say her past has been more negative than positive. For example, she mentioned that she was previously assaulted at work, leading to her post traumatic stress disorder and later admitted that she has been taking less hours at work. This decision of hers may have been influenced from that experience, fearing another assault she choose less hours at work. The same can be said about her social interactions with workers, since she had social anxiety early on, those past experiences could have led her to fear conversations with others, as well as living alone with her mother. As for her travel phobia, which includes public transportation as well as driving her own car, she may have been previously in an accident or may have seen one that could have led to her behavior and fear of traveling. Finally, Theresa admitted that she worries about her daughters lives substantially, and that they dont live close which doesnt help. Her daughters living far away could increase her concern for them, possibly making her think that theres not much she can do to help. The last school of thought that we will analyze is biological. Per Psychological Science (sixth edition), Almost all biological and psychological activity is affected by the actions of multiple genes In addition, scientists are beginning to understand the relationship between situations, genes, and behaviors. The biological school of thought relies heavily on evolution and how our genes and traits play a role on our behavior and feelings. For example, today our society has an abundance of food, some healthy and some not. A lot of individuals eat junk food, and per the textbook, it may be hard to stop eating such food. That may be in part explained by the fact that thousands of years ago we didnt have access to such vast amounts of sugars and types of junk foods. It was more of a survival aspect to earlier humans since it was harder to come by; and those traits seemed to be passed down influencing our cravings for that type of food today. As for Theresas phobia of traveling, that cou ld be explained by our need to survive, she may fear getting into an accident and our survival instinct may be affecting her behavior and feelings towards moving at such a fast speed. Moving on to her constant concern of her daughters lives and her own health, this may be influenced by our desire to reproduce and safe guard our offspring, hoping to spread our genes to more generations, survival of the fittest as Charles Darwin would say.

Advertisements And Their Companies Have Caused Major Issues

Ads and their companies have caused major issues. Parents believe that the ads that are shown are influencing their children. Especially as they go on the internet or watch TV. However, the advertising companies believe that they are not the only ones to blame for the issues that have arisen; they believe that the parents of the children are also to blame. In order to try and fix these issues, many companies began to make changes to their products. Parents continue to blame these fast food companies while the fast food companies do not believe they should be to blame. Fast food companies believe that parents are as much to blame as their companies are. Gary Becker points out, â€Å"If children nowadays are heavier because they are less†¦show more content†¦Although many businesses believe that they do not target children, many of them do. Kids may be watching TV or on social media and they can become influenced by the ads or commercials. Everywhere you look you see advertis ements and even though you may not notice it, but it still influences your brain. â€Å"One study has shown that children find it harder to recognize advertisements on websites than they do on television; 6 year olds only recognized a quarter of the ads, 8 year olds recognize half of the ads, and 10and 12 year olds recognize three quarters of the ads† (The American Psychological Association). Many advertising companies believe that they shouldn’t be blamed for any influence on children. They argue that for the past fifty years they continue to advertise the same way and it is changing how people view the advertisements. Junk foods advertisement has a major impact on how the kids chose the kinds of food they want to eat. Marion Nestle explained, â€Å"The reasons are easy to understand: children control increasing amounts of money, and society has granted them increasing responsibility for purchasing decisions.† As kid get older they tend to make more decisions o n what they eat. Most of the time parents allow kid help grocery shop of dinners and they influence parents to buy food that they tend to see advertised. Companies like General Mills, McDonald’s, and Kraft areShow MoreRelatedFast-Food Advertising Causes Obesity Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pages There has been a long term concern that youth or children who eat from fast food restaurants have a big risk for becoming overweight. Some research shows that greater familiarity with fast food advertising on television is associated with obesity in young people (Pediatric Academic Societies parag.1). It is known that these children and adolescents are being extremely exposed to fast food advertising including the internet, social media, and particularly on television. The marketer and ownersRead MoreWhy Companies On Social Media Is Overstepping Their Boundaries And What Should Be Done Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesSilverman, author of Terms of Service, believes that anything you post online is being abused by companies and even the social media sites themselves, and I agree with him on that. In the following essay, I will explain to yo u why companies on social media are overstepping their boundaries and what should be done to stop it. Since the inception of social media with SixDegrees in 1997 (Hendricks), people have been able to post and share their daily lives for the whole world to see. This wasn’t a realRead MorePvr Case Study Essay986 Words   |  4 Pageshas on advertising companies, we need to consider the needs of society and how will it benefit from this video recorder. Comfort is an important issue in today’s society. The easy programming and the large video recording space, which reaches up to 60 hours, makes this devise very desirable. Moreover, the flexibility to play the recorded program repeatedly at the viewers’ most convenient time removes the need to schedule your day based on the programs. Advertising Companies depend on programsRead MoreMcdonalds Ethical Issues1125 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis From what we have read and interpreted from the case, the main issue is the ethical criticism of the fast food giant, McDonald, in Europe. By referring to the case, the organizational ethical issues which are filled around McDonald consist of food health, ill-treatment of animals, exploitation of children, and destruction of rainforests. Besides, anti-globalization, anti-American, anti-McDonald’s activism, and Europe governments had also been the concerns and ethical challenges for theRead MoreThe Issue Of Cigarette Advertising1719 Words   |  7 Pages(FTC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other federal and state regulators have targeted tobacco manufacturers for decades. Many claims have accused companies of directly marketing to minors, neglecting to inform consumers of possible risks while or after consuming tobacco products, and promoting unhealthy lifestyles ultimately resulting in illness and other serious health related issues. Tobacco companies are consequently limited as to what they may and may not produce in terms of advertisingRead MoreMcdonalds Ethical Issues1140 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis From what we have read and interpreted from the case, the main issue is the ethical criticism of the fast food giant, McDonald, in Europe. By referring to the case, the organizational ethical issues which are filled around McDonald consist of food health, ill-treatment of animals, exploitation of children, and destruction of rainforests. Besides, anti-globalization, anti-American, anti-McDonald’s activism, and Europe governments had also been the concerns and ethical challenges for theRead More2.09 writing and effective concusion1669 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Graphic Organizer: Part 1 Topic: Technology Questions to research: Are advertisements aimed at teenagers effective? And, are they ethical? My Response: Most advertisements aimed at teenagers are effective, but usually are not ethical. Most marketers have many ways of gathering information on teenagers spending habits and what is most important to teens. With this information they’re able to create advertisements that will appeal to most teens and create profit. Many people argue that someRead MoreThe Advertisement Industry Plays An Important Role On Consumers Perceptions About The World1615 Words   |  7 PagesThe advertisement industry plays an important role on consumers’ perceptions about the world. Because of this, advertisements often portray dishonest or semi truthful concepts in their advertising. It is understandable why advertisers would conceal the truth; the truth must be revealed carefully as it can often reduce the number of consumers who purchase their goods, whether or not the company has control over the controversial issue. However, hiding these issues can prevent consumers from understandingRead Mo reSurrogate Advertising1445 Words   |  6 PagesInformation. It is being done through different media – banners, radio, television amp; lately the internet. Advertisement in general has also drawn Public ire amp; government intervention time and again – either for moving away from truth and the consumers right to know or for creating false images. This is especially true in the case of surrogate advertisements. The issue of surrogate advertisement gained publicity after the government imposed a ban on it. The purpose of this project is to highlightRead MoreTobacco Companies Using Advertising Tactics That Target Teenagers1487 Words   |  6 PagesTobacco companies should be prevented from using advertising tactics that target teenagers. There has always been controversy as to how tobacco companies should prevent using advertising tactics to target teenagers. As controversial as this is tobacco companies shouldn’t advertise teen smoking. Many teens may be lur ed to believe cigarette advertising because it has been part of the American Culture for years, magazine ads and the media target young people, and these companies receive a drastic increase

Recruitment and Selection Process of Insurance - 9958 Words

Recruitment and Selection Process of Insurance Companies People are a company’s most important assets. They can make or break the fortunes of a business. In today’s highly competitive business environment placing the right people in the right position is very critical for the success of any organization. The recruitment and selection decision is of prime importance as it is the vehicle for obtaining the best possible person-to-job fit that will, contribute significantly towards the Companys effectiveness. It is also becoming increasingly important, as the Company evolves and changes, that new recruits show a willingness to learn, adaptability and ability to work as part of a team. The Recruitment Selection procedure ensures that†¦show more content†¦By active participation in the recruitment process, the areas where improvement can be bought about can be identified. Thus the whole research would be done under the guidance of external guide. It will also involve recruitment and selection processes, reading the material provide internally by the organization, information from the new employees. Introduction Of The Insurance Industry Overview The story of insurance is probably as old as the story of mankind. The same instinct that prompts modern businessmen today to secure themselves against loss and disaster existed in primitive men also. They too sought to avert the evil consequences of fire and flood and loss of life and were willing to make some sort of sacrifice in order toShow MoreRelatedA Creation Of A Human Resources Plan1384 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This paper is going to be about a creation of a Human Resources plan and the steps needed to create a one-person HR department. 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Similarly in our text book, it is mentioned, most organizations are looking for employees who are â€Å"qualifiedRead MoreThe Importance Of Various Human Resource Functions1479 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess and growth of the insurance industry. Recruitment and Employee Selection In modern day business, organizations are struggling to attract and retain top talent, especially since the baby boomers are retiring. Over the last ten years human resources has become more than just administrative task and payroll accounting. The human resource managers wear many hats. They have taken over the responsibility various functions such as recruitment and selection, utilization of its humanRead MoreProject Report On Techniques Used In Recruitment And Selection1639 Words   |  7 PagesUSED IN RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS IN ORGANISATION (WIPRO) SUBMITTED BY: MEGHA KANJ INTRODUCTION The project report is about recruitment and selection process which is very important part of any organization. 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May 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, the researchers give thanks to God Almighty for the wisdom and strengthRead MoreDescription Of An Organization Human Resource Management System1591 Words   |  7 Pagescompetence. 6) It will help to customer’s satisfaction and help in increase service customer related. b. ‘Benchmarking best HR process and outcome’: It means to gather data of related to organization human resource management system from the world or more competitive organisation in world. It evaluating human resource performance of orgensation. Though ‘Benchmarking best HR process and hotel can accomplish goal and vision: 1) This tool HRM to strongminded competitiveness of organisation and help toRead MoreHuman Resource Recruitment And Selection Strategies1502 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Recruitment and Selection Strategies Abstract This paper focuses on Human Resource Department (HRD) Recruitment and Selection Strategies and the process to inquire good candidates. There are many strategies that go into the Recruitment and Selection process that involves the selective process of recruiting the right employee for the job. The process in place to assist HRD achieve its optimal success for profit will focus on the goals of the organization, workforce strategies,Read MoreA Team Of Qualified Insurance Agents And Drive Business Through Them1155 Words   |  5 PagesRole description To develop a team of qualified insurance agents and drive business through them. Executive Summary Remju Jayan is a fully qualified Insurance Sales Professional with more than 10 years of experience in handling agency sales. He is in the middle east since 2011 and has become successful in his insurance career in the GCC market. 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Persepolis free essay sample

Plot The Trip After a year, the fundamentalist student occupied the U. S embassy. And few days later, the minister of education has decreed that universities will be close for two years because the new regime. They also force women to wear the veil because they said womens hair makes men exciting. It wasnt only the government that changed, ordinary people changed too. Things getting worse, Marjis family had decided to go to Italy and Spain for three weeks. After they back, their country is at war. The Iranian fundamentalists tried to stir up their Iraqi Shiite Allies against Saddam and Arab use this as pretext to invasion Iran. Vocabulary Republic (Noun): A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them. Proletariat (Noun): A social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages. We will write a custom essay sample on Persepolis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nationalism (Noun): Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it. Ideological (Adj): Concerned with or suggestive of ideas. Embassy (Noun): A diplomatic building where ambassadors live or work. Background Information The Iran–Iraq War, this war also known as the Imposed War and Holy Defense in Iran. This war came at a great cost in living and economic damage, it cost half a million Iraqi and Iranian soldiers and civilians die in the war and with many of people injured. The objectives of Iraqs invasion of Iran were: -Control of the Shatt al-Arab waterway by Iraqis -Acquisition of the three islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, on behalf of the UAE. -Annexation of Khuzestan to Iraq Prevent the spread of the Islamic Revolution in the region Literary Element The title of The Sheep works on metaphorical level. In a literal sense on the novel, sheep is the transportation that Siamak and his family use to cross the Iranian border, but it is also represent the general population of Iran, as well as Marjis family who leave for the United States. Like sheep that simply follow each other with no notion of decision and sheep is also a very peacefully animal, that have no ambition, in other word they too soft and I think it is major issue of Iran. Graphic Element When Anoosh get executed, God come to talk with Marji, but Marji said to the God that she doesn’t want to see the God any more she wants the God get out of her life. Before Anoosh get executed, Marji was one that used to believe in and love God, she thought the God should be the represent love, justice and holy wrath for evil, but Anoosh’s death makes her realize that she is wrong. Anoosh’s death breaks Marji’s childish conception of God. She thinks that God is no longer the symbol for justice. She fined herself so lost like the people at Iran because right now she can not find any one that can listen to her true heart. One Theme These two chapters is the turning point of the novel. The beginning of the war is one of the novel’s themes. During the war people are living difficult, not enough food and most of population had move out with no notion of decision because they just want to be safe. If a country that with out population that won’t longer be a country for the people who stays at Iran because they still believe that one day this country will be better. Three Questions Q1. Why Anoosh say that one day the proletariat will rule? What does it means? (pg 69) Q2. Do you think to becoming a sheep is good or not? Q3. Persepolis free essay sample Persepolis was a very insightful movie about the lives of Iranian people at a very important time in the country’s history. Two topics that stuck out to me the most were the effects of the war on the everyday lives of the citizens of Iran and secondly the not-so-patriarchal lifestyle of people at the household level. Once the revolution to bring down the Shah began, which was followed by the Iran-Iraq war, the lives of Iranians were never the same again. Before these events, Iran appeared to be what we can easily call ‘a modern society’. Women were treated equally, men and women openly socialized together without any restrictions and westernization was apparent with the dressing styles of women, parties and the children indulging in pop culture. All of this drastically changed after the elections and once the war began. Under the new repressive government, religious extremists in power imposed several laws that undermined the freedom of all citizens of Iran. We will write a custom essay sample on Persepolis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everybody was told how to dress whereby women were required to veil in public, parties and consumption of alcohol became illegal, children were taught in school that the new government was very good, young boys were influenced into joining the army and fighting in the war. In addition to all these social impacts there were economic downturns as well. The stores are shown to have empty shelves, the country’s infrastructure destroyed, healthcare deteriorated, the excessive restrictions on almost everything pushed for the need for black-markets and illegal operations. Even with all the restrictions from the people in power and the policing of everybody, there were still a large number of people who were very modern, even men. One example would be Marjane’s father telling her and Reza to be more careful about meeting in public. Another example would be when Marjane’s uncle Anoush is released from prison and visits them, everybody ate dinner at the same table, both men and women. One of the topics that relate to our class readings is war and bereavement. The war that lasted so long did not occur without expensing lives of millions of innocent people. During the war period, countless lives were lost and most of these were men. Men fought in wars and died and the women were left to deal with the loss. When a missile lands in Marjane’s neighborhood, the fear of losing her family takes over her and she is still a little girl at the time. The same incident cost the lives of her friends in the neighborhood. Of all the characters in the movie, to me, Marjane’s grandmother was the most compelling character. She was a wise old woman who was inspirational, understanding and very realistic. She was a symbol of independence and a great role model for Marjane. Most importantly, she practiced what she preached. She placed a great emphasis on protecting the innocent as this was an issue close to her since her husband and family members had been victims. When Marjane tells her that in order to save herself from the police, she lied and got an innocent man in trouble, Grandmother reacts in a way that I didn’t expect. She believed in being true to your own self and certainly did not tolerate any unfaithfulness, even from her beloved Marjane. The character that had the most impact on Marjane would have to be her uncle Anoush. He came into Marjane’s life when she was still very young and definitely made an enormous impression on her. As if his life story wasn’t enough, uncle Anoush’s death left an even bigger impact on Marjane’s life. She wouldn’t tolerate people talking about war and death lightly after his death. Several times in her life when she was feeling confused, the words of her uncle Anoush helped her get through.

Microbes Petri Dish Experiment (Lab Report) Essay Example

Microbes Petri Dish Experiment (Lab Report) Paper Also, pupils from the senior school are going through puberty and tend to sweat a lot more than little kids, especially the boys. Sweat glands also work more rapidly with boys going through puberty, as their hormone levels are beginning to increase. During P. E classes, girls also are more reserved and are not as intense about sports during the day as the boys are. This is more of a social aspect than a scientific one, but is relatively true. On top of that, girls and boys generally have different standards when it comes to hygiene. Judging from personal experience, loud assume that girls tend to care more about their hygiene and aesthetics than boys do. Lastly, the Senior School gym has been there for quite a long time. The elementary school is still relatively new, especially compared to the senior one. Therefore, I also would assume that the senior school gym would have more microbes than the elementary. Variables: Independent variables: The independent variable for this experiment will be the location/area in which we will take samples from (Senior School, Elementary School girls and boys locker rooms). Independent variables generally answer the question What do we change? In this case, we get to alter the areas in which we will be sampling from. Dependent variables: Our dependent variable will be the number of microbes growing in an area. Dependent variables tend to answer the question What will we observe or measure? In this case, we will indeed be observing the microbes growing on the Petri dish after put in an incubator for 72 hours. Controlled variables: Controlled variables are there for us to keep constant. We will write a custom essay sample on Microbes Petri Dish Experiment (Lab Report) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Microbes Petri Dish Experiment (Lab Report) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Microbes Petri Dish Experiment (Lab Report) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The temperature, time, medium, the way the sample is collected and the incubation will be our controlled variables. It is important that they remain the same throughout our whole experiment. Also, we will be having an open controlled as well as a closed Petri dish. We will be testing the agar dishes, to see if they really are as sterile as we think. If the open controlled will have bacteria growing on it after being incubated, that is as expected. However, the closed control should be spotless in order for our other results to be completely accurate. Apparatus: 3 Petri dishes with lids Agar jelly 4 cotton buds Incubator set at 25 degrees Celsius Tape Screw top vials Bunsen burner Soap Ethanol Four different locations Risk assessment: We must make sure to follow certain rules for this investigation. It is important to wash hands before eating and before class/at the beginning of class. Also, once the dish has been incubated, we should not open the lid. The incubator, for this experiment, must be kept below human pathogenic growing levels, which is 37 degrees Celsius. Sterile gloves should also be worn to collect samples for accurate results. Petri dishes should definitely be safely and properly disposed of when the experiment has ended. Method (sterile technique included): Before anything is done, it is important that hands are disinfected. Wash them with warm water and soap. It is important to wash them with warm water, as cold water does not clear away most of the bacteria. Afterwards, put on some sterile gloves to make sure sampling is done accurately. Following, make sure that there are two Petri dishes, one open controlled and closed controlled. One should be kept open the entire time, while the other should be kept closed. This is to test the sterility of the Petri dishes. Afterwards, take four cotton buds and screw top vials. For good results, you should wet the cotton buds with distilled water and then swab the areas you wanted to sample. After that is done, head back to the science lab, making sure that you have Petri dishes with agar jelly, tape, a Bunsen burner and ethanol. (All of this shouldve been done with sterile gloves on). For the best effect, operate the Bunsen burner with the safety flame. This should ensure that the atmosphere is relatively bacteria free. After, clean the table using ethanol (also to sterilize the area) and place the Petri dish (which you will swab with your samples) on top of the table. When that is done, swish the cotton buds lightly inside the Petri dish (one in each separate quarter) where the agar jelly should already be. Make sure you do not dig the cotton bud in, as we do not want the microbes to be growing in the middle of the jelly. We want to be able to observe the microbes from above. Finally, after all four quarters of the Petri dish are finished with swabbing, tape the open controlled, closed controlled and the experiment dish closed. To save place, tape those three altogether and place them in an incubator (25 degrees Celsius). This must stay constant, as e WOUld not like the incubator to reach human pathogenic temperature (37 degrees Celsius). After 72 hours have passed, take the Petri dish out, but do not open it. Observe and record the results. Below is a diagram of how everything was set up. Processed Data Discussion/Evaluation Overall, the experiment went quite smoothly. Of course, there couldve been improvements. The results shouldve definitely been more accurate, especially for the counting of the colonies that we did, and the percentage cover. We had a lot of microbes growing in our Petri dish and it was very difficult to count the exact amount of colonies. These were just estimated approximately. Perhaps we couldve had more people verify our counting skills, for example, get someone else to count the colonies after we did for comparison and accuracy. Also, for these four locker rooms, we swabbed different places/areas each time. Since locker rooms are quite large, this is rather imprecise. We shouldve stuck to swishing only the floors with the cotton buds or the walls instead of taking a variety. Our results showed that the place with the most microbes out of the four areas was the elementary boys locker room. In that quarter of the Petri dish, there ere a total of 78 colonies. Actually, I think there definitely were more. However, it was just too difficult to count, as most of them were clustered together, relatively small and the color was hard to see. Also, compared to the rest of the results, the elementary school boys locker room had a significantly higher percentage coverage and colony number. The next place with the most microbes was the elementary girls. They had a total of 47 colonies and a percentage cover of 43%. The difference between this quarter of the Petri dish and the elementary boys was that this one had larger colonies which were easier to count. They also werent so clustered and were scattered all over their quarter. Perhaps this is to do with how we swished the cotton buds on top of the agar jelly. The last two with the least microbes were the girls and boys senior locker rooms. The boys had about 34 colonies covering 30% of their quarter. This area looked quite similar to the elementary boys quarter. The colonies were both extremely small, very hard to count and clustered altogether. The only difference between them is that the senior boys generally had less in numbers. The senior girls had 19 colonies covering 20%. This was one of the most interesting quarters. The colonies itself were relatively small, however, they were clustered very tightly together to form almost a large group and was most definitely scattered around the quarter. The larger groups were definitely not in each others vicinities. This again, perhaps, has something to do with the way my partner and I worked with the Petri dish. We took turns swabbing the dishes, so perhaps that affected our results in some way. For example, maybe I put more pressure on the agar jelly than my partner did, or vice versa. Conclusion Unfortunately, for this experiment, most of my hypothesis was incorrect. However, now that Ive done the experiment, I can see why. The elementary boys locker room proved to be the one with the most microbes. I can deduce that this is because elementary school children tend to go outside a lot more and run around, getting themselves dirty in the process. One would hardly find any middle and high-school pupils running around and getting dirty. After all, small children even like to run around in the rain and cold, where certain microbes love to thrive in. My partner and I did guess right about the girls locker room having fewer microbes than the boys though. The elementary girls had less than the elementary boys and the senior girls had less than the senior boys. However, am not yet ready to accept these results.

Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners

Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners Introduction Management has become a very important aspect that assists businesses in strategizing on growth and improving performance. Business oriented organizations are often made up of different groups of people who contribute to the general outcomes of the business. The entrepreneurs and shareholders are among the people who form the business organization. These two groups hold substantive amount of financial assets of the business. Are these the main shareholders of the organization? This is one of the main questions in the minds of managers. This issue complicates the exercise of management. However, management is a wide concept especially when applied to business firms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are different aspects of management that concentrate on various functions w ithin the firm. For instance, there is finance management that centers on finances of the organization. Shareholders and business owners often concentrate on this function (Geoffrey, 1994). Shareholders of the organization are often interested in the financial worth of a firm. This is because this is what assures them of getting tangible returns out of the investments they make in the firm (Beurden and Go ¨ssling, 2008). Therefore, the essence of management in the firm is not only to increase the wealth of shareholders and business owners. Management is a large function that concentrates on the wellbeing of the entire business. The stakeholders include: Shareholders, employees, the real business owners and the general corporate environment that benefit from the business outcomes. An ethical model of doing business is discussed in this paper. This helps in explaining the essence of sustainable business practices that form the core of management in a business firm. Management, as an organizational exercise, concentrates on the sustainability of the business. Therefore, the increase of the wealth of the shareholders is just one of the many factors of sustainability in the organization. Shareholders always remain interested in the general financial outcomes of the organization. This is because they gain significantly when the firm makes a lot of wealth (Geoffrey, 1994). However, there are many parameters to whether firms are accumulating more wealth or not. This leads to a different aspect of management in the organization. The accumulation of wealth is often an end product of the entire management exercise within the firm (Cosans, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overview of the role of the business – wealth maximization and corporate social responsibility in management For a long time in history, it has been argued by experts and scholars of business management, that the main purpose of establishing business firms is making profits. This is a rational argument because no one can invest in a business venture without the motive of making money or wealth that comes in terms of profits. It is also assumed that when a business firm is making profits, the firm is most likely to benefit the society through increased employment. Nevertheless, it should be noted that business firms operate within the environment and should respect and contribute to the wellbeing of the environment (Chapman III and Whitmore, 1974). Business owners and other shareholders should not concentrate on the accumulation of wealth alone. They should also focus on the environment that helps the business in making the wealth. There are inconclusive debates regarding the extent to which management of firms has to embrace social responsibility. This is in respect to businesses that they manage. It is argued that social responsibility is critical to businesses because it paints a good picture of the business. In turn, this helps the firms to attract customers hence, fetching more profits (Hite and Vetsuypens, 1989). According to Chapman III and Whitmore (1974), there is a lot of interest in researching about the profit motives of businesses visvis the management through the aspect of embracing corporate social responsibility. It is evident that businesses are managed to maximize on profits. However, profits cannot be generated for a long time if all business practices are not structured in a way to cater for the needs of the environment in which they operate. Therefore, maximizing wealth for any business cannot be easily separated from the aspect of corporate social responsibility (Smith, 2003). However, it is argued that, due to the prevailing competition in the business environment, modern firms respond by concentrating on activities that directly increase the wealth of business. There is an inconclusive debate on whether this works well for the sustainability of profits in these organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Firms that operate on a large-scale struggle to define ownership and control in the pursuit of organizational objectives. These objectives often center on the creation and sharing of the wealth of the organization. The shareholders and business owners are often characterized by a common aspect. In most cases, they are interested in making as much wealth as possible from the business. Unfortunately, this often puts them at loggerheads. This happens at times when they fail to concur on how to share the profits or business wealth. To make significant gains from business, the business owners will mostly pursue objectives that are considered to be inconsistent with the motives of the share holders. The shareholders’ main objective is geared towards maximization of wealth (Chapman III and Whitmore, 1974). Manager and shareholder conflicts have remained elusive. This has led to firms engaging in contracts and market control mechanisms that aim to reduce conflicts. This aims at reducing what is referred to as managerial opportunism, on the part of the business owners. Notably, wealth maximization remains to be a critical issue in the management of business firms. Shareholders always monitor the operational functions of the organization. Therefore, they can always be updated on the amount of wealth being accumulated by the business (Hadani, Goranova and Khan, 2011). This affects the direction of management within firms. The whole exercise of management is highly watered down due to loss of objectivity in management. Management should not be subjective, and needs to be objective in its operations. The management should concentrate on wholesome aspects that are likel y to make the internal and external environment of a firm favorable. Wealth maximization should be regarded as one of the strategic issues in the management exercise, as opposed to the main issue in the organization (Wilcke, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several theories that attempt to explain the essence and main purpose of business firms. Most of the theories focus on corporate governance, executive compensation policies and practices, and the social and economic performance of firms. One of these theories is the shareholder theory, which is derived from economics. This theory centers on the purpose of firms. Most firms aim at creating wealth for firm owners while ignoring the interaction of the firm with many other areas. The other areas include the role of the firm in enhancing societal development by engaging in societal roles (Ghoshal, 2005). There is also another stakeholder theory that pays attention to both the creation of wealth in firms and maximization on the role of the firm in discharging its roles within the society. This theory is an extension of the first theory because it considers the management of firms as an elaborate exercise that focuses on the entire business environment. Therefore, this is the mos t preferred theory in modern management because it considers other functions like corporate social responsibility. These other aspects are regarded to be equally important for the success of the organization. This theory contrasts with the argument presented by Friedman, which the major aim of creating firms is to make money and not enhancing the moral or social development of the society. Moral and social developments are activities that should be enhanced by the government and other not-for profit agencies (Husted and Salazar, 2006). Friedman argued that the engagement in moral and social issues by firms leads to the diversion of resources. In turn, this minimizes the wealth maximization motive of firms. However, businesses exist in the society, and it is obvious that the society has an impact on the performance of firms. The management of firms cannot be secluded from the society. This is because business firms exist and are supported by the same society where they exist. Therefo re, the management should consider the aspect of societal development as they strive to establish the right channels of maximizing wealth or profits (Pfarrer, 2010). Bejou (2010) has noted that the corporate social responsibility is important in improving the management practice in organizations. This is because it adds a human touch to the profit objectives of firms. Good management practices are not only evaluated basing on the wealth accumulated by the firm, but also on adherence to ethical standards, respecting the law and maintaining good corporate citizenship. However, the standardization of the corporate social activities for companies remains a problem. This is because the standards are not set based on empirical findings and explanations. Companies may act as if they actively engage in corporate social responsibility. On the contrary, there are some companies that attach very little value to these activities. Business challenges and the role of shareholders Enhanced corpora te accountability is advocated in the turbulent business environment characterized by major difficulties like financial crises. This undoubtedly calls for responsibility on all people who make up business organizations. Firm shareholders have acquired considerable say in business firms to help in enhancing accountability. This is achieved through enlisting and overseeing the corporate affairs of business firms. Management visions of firms are crafted to go beyond the aspirations of shareholders in business firms. In fact, the management exercises embrace inclusive and sustainable strategies by engaging shareholders and stakeholders in making and abiding by the sustainable decisions. Leading firms in private and public sectors within the United States and the United Kingdom are embracing this practice. Firms in the private and public sectors are enlightened on this shift within the management paradigm (Shaw, 2009). Shaw (2009) noted that stakeholders are not only increasingly recogni zed in terms of the financial goals of goals of organizations, but also as part of the corporate plan crafters and implementers for firms. Corporate governance rules and principles in organizations are considerate of the interests of shareholders and stakeholders. Wealth maximization does not remain a norm because it used to be in ancient organizations. It is included and considered when organizations are making management decisions. Major management decisions are reached where the interests of business owners and shareholders intersect with the agreed corporate social values of firms. Efforts to encourage sustainability no longer lie with few individuals in the organization. This has been spread to include organizational shareholders. While profit maximization remains important for organizations, shareholders are slowly being discouraged from inclining their minds towards wealth maximization. They are being encouraged to focus on corporate development of the organization as a means through which the wealth of firms is maximized. Shareholding in business firms remains to be one of the emergent orders of investment. As the shareholders are taught to participate in the corporate affairs of the business, the management exercise is improved and made holistic. Financial risks often eliminate related risks within a firm. Financial rewards are considered as the end products of the management practice for shareholders and investors. However, this is not regarded as the leading factor in management (Harper, 2010). When firms focus on maximizing the stocks of shareholders, the firm is focusing on the support of a positive internal environment. The individuals who are mostly featured in this instance are employees working in different sections of the organization. This includes the production, marketing, and administration sections of the organization (Baker and Powell, 2005). This aims at increasing the price of shares on the stock so that the firm can make considerable profits. The profits should be distributed to shareholders and the business owner. However, the profits are no longer shared amongst the shareholders and business owners in whole. Instead, some of the profits are also invested in the society in terms of promoting a supportive environment for business. Without a supportive environment, the stock price of the company cannot rise. In other words, the corporate social responsibility is becoming an important facet of business management as it helps in fetching opportunities to enhance profits for a business organization. Corporate environments are crafted as part of the long-term management objectives of organizations. The long-term earnings are based on how the management sets an environment that is receptive and supportive to the firm. Therefore, all aspects of management should be given priority. This includes human resource management, financial management, corporate governance, marketing management and public relations. Raising the shareholders wealth brings about the positive prospects of organizational growth. However, it is derived from collective, organizational management that focuses on facilitating the entire departments of a firm (Moyer, Mcguigan and Kretlow, 2009). Research has shown that those organizations that focus on maximizing the social welfare in the society where they exist are bound to make significant profits. These firms maximize on participation in corporate social responsibility. The shareholders are derived from the business environment that is cultivated by the management. Many organizational managers have realized the essence of enhancing social welfare as this boosts the number of people who will be interested to invest in the firm. In other words, the way firms manage their operations is a precursor to the attraction of investors or shareholders of the firm. The success of corporate firms cannot be directly attributed to the maximization of shareholder value in the firm. Nonetheles s, this can be attributed to the successful management of the firm. On the other hand, maximizing the wealth or value of shareholding in a firm is still relevant because a firm is likely to lose its capital if the shareholders withdraw (McSweeney, 2008). Nowadays, organizations focus on the stakeholders rather than narrowing down and focusing on the business owners and the direct shareholders. Stakeholders are affected too, and this affects the operations of a firm. They have direct and indirect contribution to the general performance outcomes of a firm. Organizations are highly influenced by the general stakeholders more than the shareholders. Stakeholders include direct and indirect customers. Other stakeholders are the organizational employees, suppliers and distributors of the firm and the local communities. There is also the media, competitors, business partners, financers, and the government. The government comes in as business regulators and policy makers. In fact, organizati ons are defined in terms of stakeholders. A firm is defined as a composition of stakeholders. Therefore, all interests of stakeholders have to be given preference by the management of the firm. Managers are required to run the activities of the firm to benefit the entire firm. The rights of participation in decision making, as well as interests of all stakeholders should be safeguarded by organizational managers. In most instances, the interests of the firm owners and the main shareholders are compromised by the management of firms. This is meant to accommodate the interests of other stakeholders of the organization. An example of such a decision is cutting the prices of products in favor of customers (Fontaine, Haarman and Schmid, 2006). The resolution of conflicts of interest in firms is resolved by the management team. Conflicts often arise in organizations regarding the finances of a firm. Shareholders of organizations consider themselves as the prominent parties of the firm. Ho wever, strategic and financial management functions point to the importance of both the shareholders and other stakeholders of an organization. Firms have to cater for the interest of stakeholders and shareholders. The degree of concentration on the interests of the two groups is what theories of strategic and financial management are yet to agree. However, there seems to be an agreement that stakeholders and shareholders are of high value to firms, and should be regarded as critical by the management (Beurden and Go ¨ssling, 2008). Therefore, each of these groups is given preference when addressing organizational matters that are directly related to each. Firms are administered in the interest of the entire environment, and this includes the owners, shareholders and stakeholders. Therefore, organizational structures are being crafted so as to be accommodative to the interests of the shareholders, stakeholders and business owners. The management structures are not just based on th e interests of organizational shareholders and stakeholders (Vilanova, 2007). The concept of maximizing the shareholder value in the organization has been given a lot of emphasis by modern organizations. However, this is being checked to ensure that it does not derail the entire management function in organizations (The Chartered Institute of Management, 2004). According to Ahlstrom (2010), the profit making motive matters a lot for firms and has to be encouraged. Firms cannot operate without thinking on how they will make significant profits rather or else they risk failing to meet the definition given to business firms. The way firms conduct their activities has led to enormous criticisms. This makes them appear as if they are only interested in maximizing profits for the firm owners and shareholders. Firms that embrace good management practices end up achieving economic and societal goals. Firms have to be innovative by focusing on the broader picture of the business. This helps them meet their financial goals, as well as the social goals. Social goals end up stimulating a good economic environment for a firm. Apart from attaining financial goals, corporate social responsibilities are considered as important components of management (Beurden and Go ¨ssling, 2008). Conclusion From the ancient times, the goals of establishing firms have been entirely revolving around the maximization of wealth or profits. This made organizations to be seen as tools of enhancing profit maximization. However, there is a realization that firms should consider the entire environment in which they exist. Therefore, organizational management has become elaborate and increasingly proactive so as to enhance economic and social outcomes of a business firm. Maximization of wealth for business owners and shareholders are only reflected in the economic outcomes of business management. Otherwise, businesses are managed to achieve financial and social outcomes. Therefore, management cann ot be geared towards the realization of financial or economic goals only. The social aspect is equally important. Reference List Ahlstrom, D 2010, ‘Innovation and Growth: How Business Contributes to Society’ Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 11-24. Baker, HK, and Powell, GN 2005, Understanding financial management: a practical guide, Blackwell, Malden, Mass. [u.a.]. Bejou, D 2011, ‘Compassion as the New Philosophy of Business,’ Journal of Relationship Marketing, vol. 10, pp.1–6. Beurden, P and Go ¨ssling, T 2008, ‘The Worth of Values – A Literature Review on the Relation Between Corporate Social and Financial Performance,’ Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 82, pp. 407–424. Chapman III, FM and Whitmore, GA 1974, ‘Beyond Shareholder Wealth Maximization: Introduction,’ Financial Management, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 25-34. Cosans, C 2009, ‘Does Milton Friedman Support a Vigorous Business Ethi cs?’ Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 87, pp. 391–399. Fontaine, C, Haarman, A, and Schmid, S 2006, The Stakeholder Theory. Web. Geoffrey, P 1994, ‘Shareholder wealth maximization: business ethics and social,’ Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 125-134. Ghoshal, S 2005, ‘Bad management theories are destroying good management practices,’ Academy of Learning Education, vol. 4, pp. 75-91. Hadani, M, Goranova, M, and Khan, R 2011, ‘Institutional investors, shareholder activism, and earnings management,’ Journal of Business Research, vol. 64, pp. 1352–1360. Harper, HV 2010, Enlightened Shareholder Value: Corporate Governance Beyond the Shareholder-Stakeholder Divide,’ Journal of Corporation Law, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 59-112. Hite, GL and Vetsuypens, MR 1989, ‘Management Buyouts of Divisions and Shareholder Wealth,’ The Journal of Finance, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 953-970. Husted, BW and Salazar, J 2006 , ‘Taking Friedman Seriously: Maximizing Profits and Social Performance,’ Journal of Management Studies, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 75-91 McSweeney, B 2008, ‘Maximizing shareholder-value: A panacea for economic growth or a recipe for economic and social disintegration?’ Critical Perspectives on International Business, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 55 – 74. Moyer, RC, Mcguigan, JR and Kretlow, WJ 2009, Contemporary financial management. South-Western/Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Pfarrer, MD 2010, What is the Purpose of the Firm?: Shareholder and Stakeholder Theories. Web. Shaw, W 2009, ‘Marxism, Business Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility,’ Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 84, pp. 565–576. Smith, NC 2003, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: Whether or how?’ California Management Review, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 52-76. The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants 2004, Maximising shareholder Value Achieving clarity in decision-mak ing: Technical Report. CIMA, Great Britain. Vilanova, L 2007, ‘Neither Shareholder nor Stakeholder Management: What Happens When Firms are Run for their Short-term Salient Stakeholder?’ European Management Journal, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 146–162. Wilcke, RW 2004, ‘An Appropriate Ethical Model for Business and a Critique of Milton Friedmans Thesis,’ The Independent Review, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 187-209. Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners Introduction Business administrators and scholars often debate about the goals that managers have to achieve. It is often believed that these professionals should be mostly concerned with the wealth of owners and shareholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such an assumption can seem quite plausible, because every company will cease to exist provided that it does not bring revenues to its investors. However, it also has to create the value for customers, community and employees. Without it, the very sustainability of this organization can be put under threat. Moreover, a manager who thinks only about financial benefits, can compromise his/her ethical principles. This paper is aimed at showing that maximization of profits can be possible only if the management of a company strives to foll ow both ethical and legal rules. Their main goal is to create value for customers, employees, and the society in general. They should not focus only on the needs of owners or stockholders. This is the main thesis that should be discussed. The first section of this paper will analyze theoretical origins of the belief that the primary objective of management is to maximize the wealth of owners. In particular, it is necessary to focus on the works of Milton Friedman and the way in which his ideas could be misinterpreted. Moreover, this section will show that long-term profitability of businesses is impossible without ethics and social responsibility. The second section will identify the benefits of creating value for various stakeholders. Finally, the third section will examine the dangers of thinking only about financial performance and profitability.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Le arn More Profits as a core objective of management The idea that wealth maximization should be the top priority for managers has been discussed in the works of many economists. One of them was Milton Friedman who argued that businesses had to concentrate on their profitability (Friedman as cited in Cosans 2009, p. 391). This argument could be very appealing to many corporate executives because by adopting this approach they could resolve or even dismiss many ethical dilemmas and problems. Moreover, many business administrators assumed that a company could do whatever it deemed necessary provided that these actions did not contradict the law (Cosans 2009, p. 392). Therefore, this business philosophy frees an organization and its managers from many restrictions and obligations that can be related to the rules of ethics. This is why it enjoyed popularity for a long time. Even now many business administrators apply this principle, even though they can speak about corporate socia l responsibility of their companies. Unfortunately, many business administrators and even scholars simplify the ideas of Milton Friedman. In fact, he did not exclude ethics from the functioning of companies. He said that the activities of a profit organization â€Å"should be conforming to the basic rules of society† (Friedman as cited Cosans 2009, p. 393). Overall, he placed emphasis on such issues as compliance with the law, unacceptability of deception, and openness of the company (Friedman as cited Cosans 2009, p. 396). This entity was not allowed to disregard the needs of other stakeholders such as customers or workers. This is why ethics and profit seeking should not be separated from another. Thus, even if managers believe that their main task is to increase the wealth of owners and stockholders, they should not try to achieve this objective at any cost. Business administrators or corporate executives have to reconcile the needs of an organization with legal and ethica l standards; otherwise their work can hardly be viewed as successful.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, those managers pursuing profits at any cost should not suppose that many scholars support this approach. There is no way in which one can reject the restrictions of business ethics. Ethical aspects of businesses continue to attract the attention of many scholars and many of them believe that ethics and responsibility are necessary for successful functioning of markets or even entire economies. For instance, William Shaw (2009) admits that businesses are driven by self-interest, yet, he also points out that by following only economic players can achieve long-term benefits only if they follow a certain set of rules (p. 568). To a great extent, the situation reminds the so-called priso ner’s dilemma in which a player has to sacrifice some of his/her interests in order to succeed (Shaw 2009, p. 567). For instance, car manufacturers have to place much emphasis on the safety of their customers, even though they have to incur extra expenses and even recall many cars. Provided that they choose to neglect this issue, they can simply lose the trust of their clients. In this regard, one can mention the notorious case of Ford Pinto. The management of Ford Corporation chose not to recall the car that had a poorly designed gas tank (Danley 2005, p. 234). When this information was revealed, the reputation of Ford Corporation suffered a severe blow. More importantly, their revenues began to decline. This case illustrates that ethics has to be an inherent part of businesses activities, because without them, no form of cooperation will be possible.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The thing is that business activities are premised on long-term cooperation and the formation or partnerships or alliances (Solomon 1999, p. 18). They can hardly exist provided that partners think only about their self-interests. Apart from that, this example shows that companies are dependent on many stakeholders, for instance, customers. Although, they do not own stocks of a company, they can strongly influence this organization. In this context, the term stakeholder can be defined as every person or organization that can affect a company is affected by it (Fassin 2012, p. 85). This is another reason why profit maximization cannot the sole objective of managers. On the whole, managers should not assume that ethical decisions always run against the self-interest of a company or individual. This is the assumption that only harms many businesses. Profitability and responsibility toward various stakeholders are quite consistent with one another. This is the main issue that business ad ministrators should consider. Such scholars as Bryan Husted and Jose Salazar (2006) argue that modern firms should not be forced to behave in a socially responsible way (p. 75). Under such circumstances, they will act as â€Å"coerced egoists† (Husted Salazar 2006, p. 76). Most likely, the managers of these organizations will only speak about social responsibility without actually practicing it. The main argument of these authors is that the ethical principles should be imbedded into the strategies of an organization. In their belief, the goals of stakeholders and stockholders do not oppose one another. In fact, one should draw a line between them. Managers should remember that it is possible to increase the wealth of stockholders without compromising ethical and legal norms. The following two sections will discuss various rationales for behaving in a socially responsible way. Creation of benefits for stakeholders At this point, it is necessary to demonstrate why managers sh ould pay attention to the needs of various stakeholders. First, even if a person assumes that the task of a business is the maximization of profits, there is still no clear-cut strategy for attaining this goal (Shaw 2009, p. 573). The need to increase revenues does not actually show the path that managers should take. Thus, one still has to evaluate alternative strategies that are available to the company. Some of them can correspond to the standards of corporate social responsibility while other cannot. In his article, David Ahlstrom (2012) points out that the most successful companies have some features in common; in particular, they are willing to create innovative goods or services that benefit customers and society (p. 12). These organizations create employment opportunities in the community and make the lives of people more comfortable. In other words, these companies strive to create value for various stakeholders. They have some of the following characteristics: 1) the empow erment of employees; 2) customer orientation; 3) the adoption of eco-friendly technologies; 4) accountability of corporate executives (Bejou 2011, p. 3). These are the most distinctive traits of these organizations. Among them one can distinguishing such corporations as Apple Inc, Google, ATT and many others. They occupy leading position in their markers. These examples are important because they show that a responsible behavior of a company does not necessarily harm its financial performance. Furthermore, one should take into account that people’s attitude toward businesses have evolved within the last fifty years. According to David Ahlstrom (2012), contemporary societies expect companies to bring benefits to the community (p. 22). These organizations should be accountable to both governmental organizations and community in general (Smith 2003, p. 63). Thus, a company that is driven only by self-interest will find it difficult to achieve success. The idea that revenues are the only goal of a business, could be acceptable thirty or forty years ago. However, it cannot be easily tolerated by people who live at the beginning of the twenty-first century. In the modern world, corporate social responsibility is a norm that an organization should adhere to. This is one of the issues that corporate executives should not overlook if they want to be successful in the workplace. It is hardly permissible to assume that advanced societies will tolerate pure pursuit of profits at the expense of the entire community. Furthermore, it is necessary to point out that for-profit organizations influence and can be influenced by a variety of people or organizations. Among them, one can single out stockholders, customers, governmental organizations, employees, trade unions, environmental organizations and so forth. Admittedly, stockholders occupy the most important place, because they invest capital in a company. Any company will simply go bankrupt provided that their needs are not fully met. Their prosperity should be the main priority for management. However, one should not disregard other stakeholders, such as customers or workers. They can affect the public image of an organization, its revenues, and internal performance. Without their commitment the very sustainability of a company can be jeopardized. Those business administrators, who focus only on the wealth of stockholders, can forget that their companies depend on other people, for instance, customers whose attitudes can profoundly impact the sales rates every company. Such corporate executives can actually lead the companies to stagnation. Therefore, managers should determine the way in which certain stakeholders can affect a company. In this way, they can better develop long-term strategies of this business. The main point is that businesses and stakeholders are interdependent entities and they have to find solutions that benefit each side. Additionally, one should note the majority of succe ssful companies are those ones which were able to win the trust of loyalty of the employees who are very influential stakeholders. If these people feel that they are valued by the organization, they will be more likely to be committed to the goals that the management sets (Bejou 2011, p. 4). They will be willing to defend the reputation of a business. More importantly, these people can hardly accept an idea that they are treated only as means for increasing the wealth of shareholders. If they realize that the management does not attach much importance to their needs, they will fewer incentives to work harder. The management will be able to motivate them only with the help of financial rewards or punishments. Moreover, one can even expect them to violate the rules that the management sets. Employees can also be considered as stakeholders and they can shape financial and organizational performance of every company. For instance, they can affect the company’s relations with its clients. Therefore, a good manager will try to find a compromise between the needs of these people and the interests of stockholders. This is one of the main tasks that corporate executives should try to cope with when they will develop long-term strategies of companies. When discussing the need for corporate social responsibility, one should not focus only on ethical considerations. It is also possible to mention economic rationale for adopting this strategy. The study carried out by Pieter van Beurden and Tobias Gà ¶ssling (2009) shows that companies, which adhere to the principles of CSR, usually yield better results (p. 409). These authors identify various forms of corporate social responsibility, namely, philanthropy, accountability to the public, environment protection, and promotion of diversity in the workplace (Beurden Gà ¶ssling 2009, p. 409). These scholars found a positive relationship between the ethical behavior of an organization and its financial performance. Soci ally responsible business activities can positively affect market return, share price appreciation, and stock performance (Beurden Gà ¶ssling 2009, p. 411). Surely, in each case, the degree of positive influence varies, but there is a marked correlation between business ethics and improved performance. Moreover, the researchers single out other benefits of corporate social responsibility (CSR). For instance, Jacqueline Cramer and Fred Bergmans (2003) identify the following advantages that CSR can bring: 1) a good reputation that is earned through ethical business practices; 2) improved energy efficiency that can be achieved through the use of alternative energy technologies; 3) greater commitment of workers; and 4) the trust of customers (p. 50). Some of these benefits can be measured quantitatively, in particular, economic efficiency, in turn, some of the advantages are intangible. Yet, in each case, CSR can give a company competitive advantage over its rivals. Yet, this goal can be attained only if managers strive to reconcile the needs of different stakeholders who do not necessarily have to be owners or shareholders. A good company should be able to identify the ways in which it can influence others; they also have to think about the possible impacts of stakeholders on their performance. This knowledge will help this organization acquire and retain leading positions in the market. The following section will focus on the risks that managers take when they focus only profitability. The drawbacks of disregarding corporate social responsibility Some corporate executives may be reluctant to follow the principles of CSR because possible advantages do not always yield numerical measurement. This is why one should mention that increased emphasis on the revenues can actually harm a company in the long-term. The thing is that such an organization can become unwilling to adopt new business models or technologies. In many cases, corporate executives pay attention on ly to the short-term profitability of their businesses and overlook the needs and values of other stakeholders. Secondly, they can overlook the risks that are associated with the pursuit of profits. Such corporate leaders can overlook the dangers to which their companies can be exposed to (Christopoulos, Mylonakis, Diktapanidis 2011, p. 11). They often forget that in most cases such a strategy only harms a business. For example, one can mention such a company as Lehman Brothers. This management of this corporation was primarily concerned with the increase of short-term profitability (Christopoulos, Mylonakis, Diktapanidis 2011, p. 11). Very little attention was paid to the obligations that Lehman had toward investors and their interests. Yet, they did not to assess the threats to which they were exposed. As a result of this policy, many employees and investors lost their money. One can even argue that the recent financial crisis can largely be explained by unscrupulous policies of many businesses and unwillingness to think about long-term growth of businesses. Thus, managers should remember about the dangers of looking only at financial performance, and disregarding the social performance of a company. As it has been said before, profitability of a company and ethical behavior are usually inseparable from one another. It should be noted that the majority of modern companies are not monopolies. Only such organizations can dictate their terms to the customers and sometimes even to the entire community. Nevertheless, the number of such monopolies was reduced to a minimum. As a rule, contemporary businesses have to face severe competition. They have to differentiate themselves among others only by creating a distinct value for the customers. Provided that this goal is not achieved, a company will become stagnant or simply lose its positions in the market. Those companies that are driven by the pursuit of profits often fail to identify the needs and values of cus tomers. Therefore, it will be difficult for this organization to differentiate its products from those ones manufactured by its competitors. In the future, the revenues of this company may decline. Thus, mere pursuit of revenues can actually be self-defeating because it does not allow a company to create innovative products. Thus, managers should take this possibility into account and minimize such risks. Furthermore, one should not forget that businesses can be affected by governmental organizations. For instance, there are environmental agencies, departments of labor, internal revenue services, trade commissions, and so forth. They are able to impose fines on the company or develop regulations that can restrict the activities of many businesses. These institutions have the capacity to coerce every company. Besides, those businesses that disregard the rules of ethics often have to face many lawsuits. Sometimes, the costs of these lawsuits can be devastating for an organization. Thu s, there is a distinct and economic need to think about the needs of the community, customers, or employees. Loss aversion may not be the most ethical reason for behaving in a socially responsible way, but even in this way one can see that an unethical business is more likely to fail. Managers, who are concerned only with revenues, run the risks of violating the law and losing money. So, one can argue that there are legal reasons for thinking about corporate social responsibility. Conclusion This discussion indicates that profitability of an organization should not be separated from ethical considerations because without them businesses will not be able to achieve sustainable growth. Secondly, even if managers assume that their task is to increase the revenues of owners or stockholders, they should not forget that this goal can be achieved only if they meet the needs of various stakeholders, namely employees, customers, governmental organizations, and the community in general. They are capable of boosting the financial performance of a company, but they also can ruin it. The most rational strategy for a business is to accept the idea that self-interest should be restricted by ethical constraints, especially the necessity to promote the wellbeing of a community. Overall, special attention should be paid to customers, workers, and governmental organizations since they are the most influential stakeholders. The managers have to find a way in which the financial goals of a business can be made consistent with the principles of corporate social responsibility. References Ahlstrom, D 2010, Innovation and Growth: How Business Contributes to Society, Academy Of Management Perspectives, vol. 24 no. 3, pp. 11-24. Bejou, D 2011, Compassion as the New Philosophy of Business, Journal Of Relationship Marketing, vol. 10 no. 1, pp. 1-6 Beurden, P, Gà ¶ssling, T 2008, The Worth of Values – A Literature Review on the Relation Between Corporate Social and Financial Perf ormance, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 82 no. 2, pp. 407-424. Christopoulos, A, Mylonakis, J, Diktapanidis, P 2011, Could Lehman Brothers Collapse Be Anticipated? An Examination Using CAMELS Rating System, International Business Research, vol. 4 no. 2, pp. 11-19. Cosans, C 2009, Does Milton Friedman Support a Vigorous Business Ethics?, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 87 no. 3, pp. 391-399. Cramer, J Bergmans, F 2003, Learning about Corporate Social Responsibility: The Dutch Experience, IOS Press, New York. Danley, J 2005, Polishing up the Pinto: Legal liability, moral blame, and risk, Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 15 no. 2, pp. 205-236. Fassin, Y 2012, Stakeholder Management, Reciprocity and Stakeholder Responsibility, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 109 no. 1, pp. 83-96. Husted, B, De Jesus Salazar, J 2006, Taking Friedman Seriously: Maximizing Profits and Social Performance, Journal Of Management Studies, vol. 43 no. 1, pp. 75-91. Shaw, W 2009, Marxism, Business Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 84 no. 4, pp. 565-576. Smith, C 2003, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: Whether or How?’, California Management Review, vol. 45 no. 4, pp. 52-76. Solomon, R 1999, Game Theory as a Model for business and business ethics, Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 9 no. 1, pp. 11-29.

Analysis of Microfinance Lending and Credit Assessment Methodology

Analysis of Microfinance Lending and Credit Assessment Methodology Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) core activities are driven by a social mission through provision of full range of banking needs to poor people for productive purposes, thereby contributing to the developmentl objective of poverty reduction. MFIs products and services includes micro-credit, micro-savings, micro-insurance and also remittances. Microcredit program is providing financial capital to the poor household in order to engage them in income generating activities for alleviating poverty mostly to finance small businesses agricultural loans. Typically this type of lending is not secured by any collateral but granted based on the client’s ability to generate the necessary financial means for repayment based on his or her business activities. Most of the terms and conditions for microcredit loans are flexible and easy to understand. However, there is no standard lending and credit assessment methodology employed by MFIs. We are motivated to explore and document this resear ch gap. 1.2 The Innovation and Development of Microfinance Industry in Malaysia The provision of microcredit is nothing new in Malaysia. Poverty eradication programs involve provision of credit at subsidised rate to the poor has been around since 1970s after formation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) that was instituted in 1970. The earlier micro credit program was mainly carried out by credit unions, co-operatives, specialised credit institutions and NGOs. The provision of small financing designated mostly to finance micro enterprises, agriculture sector for poverty reduction and to improve income of the Bumiputera. The legislation for microfinance regulation in Malaysia includes, Moneylender Act 2002, Banking and Financial Institution Act 1989, Development Financial Institution Act 2002, and Cooperatives Societies Act 1993, (Zakiah, 2004). The Microfinance business models are based on mass market, cooperatives, monoline and distributor network (BNM, 2010). Majlis Amamah Rakyat (MA RA), a council of trust to the Bumiputera and Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC) are some of the pioneers to introduce micro credit to micro enterprises. The rural credit institutions comprising of Agriculture Bank of Malaysia (Agrobank), Farmers Organization Authority (LLP), Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority (RISDA) and other agro-based Co-operative Societies provide micro credit for the agriculture sectors. There are also a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that engage in micro credit provision (Kasim and Jayasooria, 1993). These include Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM), Yayasan Usaha Maju (YUM) and Sabah Credit Corporation (SCC) in Sabah, Koperasi Kredit Rakyat (KKR) in Selangor. Tabung Ekonomi Kumpulan Usaha Niaga (TEKUN) is a government agency micro credit provider. While, Malaysian Islamic Economic Development Foundation (YaPEIM), a cooperatives institution providing Islamic microcredit program based on al -rahnu concept in Malaysia. Prior to 2003, Commercial banks involvement in microfinance program are just limited to extending lines of credit to AIM, and as a mediator for schemes such as the loan fund for hawkers and petty traders operated by the Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC). In May 2003, the government launched a Micro Credit Scheme, particularly stimulating agricultural production activities as well as expanding small and medium enterprise activities. Two banking institutions namely Agrobank and Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN), and AIM have been given the responsibility to carry out the scheme. The scheme is collateral free, and borrowers are eligible for a maximum loan of up to RM20,000 with interest rates charged at 4% per annum on reducing balance.

State Counter Terrorism Strategy and Plans for Japan Essay

State Counter Terrorism Strategy and Plans for Japan - Essay Example Aum Shinrikyo is an indigenous terrorist group arising in Japan (Hidaeki, 2003). The group also carried out certain marginally successful attacks on the Diet and the Crown Prince’s wedding with botulin toxin and attempted an anthrax attack on the people of streets of Tokyo (Branscomb, 2004). This paper primarily deals with the counter terrorism strategies and action plans for Japan in current context and also for future. Defining Counterterrorism Counterterrorism is a difficult concept to define, especially in the context of western democracies. Paul Wilkinson writes that, â€Å"There is no universally applicable counter-terrorism policy for democracies. Every conflict involving terrorism has its own unique characteristics†. Both Paul Wilkinson and Louise Richardson and many others argue that, Western democracies must have respect for the rule of law and civil liberties should be followed in maintaining their counterterrorism strategies. Counterterrorism operations are subject to continuous change according to the nature of the threat (Rineheart, 2010). Counterterrorism as defined by the U.S. Army Field Manual stands as â€Å"Operations that include the offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, preempt, and respond to terrorism† (Rineheart, 2010). This definition of counterterrorism is more concrete but has its own weaknesses and strengths. Though it correctly explains that counterterrorism is an all-inclusive doctrine including prevention, preemption, deterrence, and responses which would require bringing all aspects of the nation’s power to be exposed both domestically and internationally, yet essentially it differentiates nothing. If an effective counterterrorism doctrine is meant to follow the principle that ‘whatever is needed, whenever we need it,’ then this could create problems with developing effective counter strategies, allocating resources, and determining accountability – it might make the concept o f counterterrorism rather worthless. There are advantages to an all-encompassing approach to counterterrorism. It allows the governments to recognize the complexities of responding to terrorism; it also provides a rhetorical tool that reinforces the notion that there is no simple fix to a nation’s terrorism problem (Rineheart, 2010). International Counter-Terrorism Policy of Japan There are a number of dimensions to the counter-terrorism strategy of Japan. The government’s paramount responsibility is to guard the security of Japan’s territory and citizens against terrorist acts (Hideaki, 2003, p. 55). The basic policy of Japan to counter terrorist activities is by strengthening the national counter terrorism measures. International cooperation and capacity building assistance to countries in need is also enumerated in the list of counter terrorism activities for Japan. The Japanese government in December 2004 adopted the "Action Plan for Prevention of Terrorism" which included taking16 ‘Urgently Needed Terrorism Prevention Measures’. In lieu of this certain urgent measures were taken. Japan has actively committed to the negotiations on relevant treaties in the UN and other international bodies. It has ratified and implemented all of the 13 international counter-terrorism conventions and protocols, most recently, the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism in August 3, 2007. Japan has also been participating in the ongoing negotiations of the Comprehensive

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Art - Essay Example Deaccessions of the objects can only take place when the objects to not match the mission of the museum. The re-opening of museum in Bagdad was meant to give political mileage to the politicians. In an open letter addressed to the government by Donny George and Rakowitzs, expressed concerns over shortest duration with which the preparation of the museum under-went for its re-opening. Despite all these efforts, the government through the Minister of Tourism went ahead to re-open the museum. The notion that of the â€Å"strong takes it all† is a common phrase frequently put into practice in Iraq today. This is evident from the creation of the ministry of tourism to oversee the management of the museums. This is contrary to the old system where the ministry of culture had this mandate. The re-opening of the museum was more of an exhibition as stated by Amira Aidan in an email. This is because; 8 out of the 26 rooms were open and a few items on display. Security situation in Iraq prompted a policy of allowing 50% of the staff to make it to work on a single day with the other 50% on the following day. Close to 50% percent of the objects missing from the museum due to security lapses in the country. It is important to note that museums play a significant role in preserving a country’s heritage through generations. Governments should therefore come up with relevant policies to ensure that museums are preserved (Merritt and Reilly 23-25). Regulations that undermine the independent operations of the museum would eventually make them collapse due to loss of objects within the